EPA Finalizes Formaldehyde Risk Evaluation, Highlights Cancer Threats

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has finalized its risk evaluation for formaldehyde under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), concluding that the chemical poses significant risks to human health, particularly with prolonged exposure. The comprehensive evaluation sheds light on the dangers formaldehyde presents, emphasizing its potential to cause cancer and other health issues for workers and consumers alike. Widespread Exposure to Formaldehyde.

Formaldehyde is a common industrial chemical found in a wide range of consumer products, including adhesives, paints, textiles, and construction materials. It is also a byproduct of combustion, such as car emissions and stove operations, and naturally released during the decomposition of organic matter. Because of its widespread presence, many individuals encounter formaldehyde in both indoor and outdoor environments, with exposure primarily occurring through inhalation or skin contact.

Some of the most common sources of exposure include composite wood furniture, adhesives, and other household products. Workers in manufacturing and processing industries face the highest risk, especially in environments without proper protective equipment. Consumers who use items such as crafting supplies, automotive care products, or new leather goods are also at risk, particularly when these products emit higher concentrations of formaldehyde when they are new.

Health Risks Identified by EPA

The EPA’s evaluation uncovered a range of short-term and long-term health risks associated with formaldehyde exposure:

• Short-Term Risks: Acute exposure can result in sensory irritation, including inflammation of the eyes and respiratory tract. These symptoms typically subside once exposure ends.
• Long-Term Risks: Chronic exposure is more serious, linked to respiratory issues like reduced lung function, increased asthma and allergy risks, and a higher likelihood of developing cancer. As a known carcinogen, formaldehyde poses particularly significant cancer risks for workers who are exposed over extended periods. Skin contact with materials containing formaldehyde can also cause allergic reactions.

Conditions of Use and Key Findings

The EPA reviewed 68 conditions of use (COU) for formaldehyde, finding that 50 occupational and 8 consumer uses present significant health risks. While the evaluation found some risks associated with chronic exposure to formaldehyde near industrial sites, these were considered minimal due to factors such as natural degradation and forthcoming regulatory actions. The agency also noted that formaldehyde does not pose significant environmental risks, as it breaks down quickly in water, soil, and sediment, minimizing its impact on ecosystems.

Moving Forward: Risk Management Plans

With its evaluation complete, the EPA is moving forward with the risk management process under TSCA Section 6. The agency will propose new rules aimed at mitigating formaldehyde-related risks, focusing on worker protection and consumer safety. These new regulations will work to ensure safer chemical management practices across industries and reduce the health risks posed by formaldehyde exposure.